"The valve-in-valve technique can be used
readily in the catheterization laboratory as bailout therapy for a
failed implantation resulting from a malpositioned valve with severe
paraprosthetic leak when the attempt of reposition with the snare
technique fails, preventing conversion to emergency open-heart surgery,"
the authors explain. "The availability of a bailout provides a margin
of safety and enhances operator confidence. This is important for a
nascent technology like TAVI to gain widespread clinical acceptance."
This margin of safety is important because which patients will develop a
leak is difficult to predict prior to their initial check valve-replacement
procedure, Ussia told heartwire.
Hydronic systems are heating or cooling systems that transfer heat by
circulating a fluid through a closed system of pipes. First used in the
1700s by Russian engineers, they have evolved into eco-friendly and
fuel-efficient central heating mechanisms.
Usually, hot water boilers are used to heat water in these systems.
The hot water is disseminated through the dwelling in pipes which
radiate heat into the rooms using either steel or cast iron radiators or
baseboard convectors. Once the radiator is heated, the water is sent
back to the hot water boiler to be re-heated and the circulation loop
continues. These hot water boilers may also be used in radiant floor
heating systems.
Thus, hot water boilers are the most important component of hydronic
systems. They can be either gas-fired (using natural gas or propane) or
oil-fired (using liquid fuel). The advantage of gas-fired boilers over
their fuel-burning counterparts is that they require comparatively less
attention and maintenance. Gas-fired boilers are reliable and the only
problem they may pose is with their expansion tank or circulator pumps.

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